About the Journal The Current Pharmaceutical Research (CPR) Journal is a peer-reviewed publication issued every three months. It focuses on disseminating high-quality, original research, reviews, short communications, case reports, ethical discussions, educational perspectives, and letters to the editor, all of which contribute significantly to the advancement of pharmaceutical sciences. CPR publishes original research articles, short communications, and review articles covering a wide range of topics, from drug discovery to clinical evaluation. Areas of interest include the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning in the healthcare sector and drug discovery, as well as medicinal and analytical chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutics, and pharmacokinetics. The journal also emphasizes pharmacognosy, including herbal product standardization and phytochemistry, pharmacology, and related fields such as drug regulatory affairs, pharmaceutical marketing, pharmaceutical microbiology, pharmaceutical biochemistry, education in pharmacy, and hospital pharmacy. The journal prioritizes articles featuring innovative and timely research concepts. All published articles represent the opinions of the authors and do not reflect the official stance of Current Pharmaceutical Research (CPR). Each submission undergoes a double-blind peer review process to ensure the highest scientific standards.
A review on allergic conjunctivitis, pathophysiology, conventional and new emerging techniques for treatment
Allergic conjunctivitis is a common ocular condition characterized by inflammation of the conjunctiva in response to allergens and sub conjunctivitis hemorrhage. Allergic conjunctivitis is primarily mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Exposure to allergens, such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander, triggers the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells and eosinophils. These mediators, including histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins, result in conjunctival vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and activation of inflammatory cells, leading to redness, itching, and tearing. Chronic exposure to allergens can cause chronic allergic conjunctivitis and lead to complications like papillary conjunctivitis. Anti-histamines: Topical antihistamine eye drops (e.g., olopatadine, ketotifen) help relieve itching and redness by blocking histamine receptors. Mast Cell Stabilizers: Cromolyn sodium eye drops prevent mast cell degranulation. Decongestants: Eye drops with vasoconstrictors like naphazoline provide temporary relief from redness. Corticosteroids: These are reserved for severe cases due to the risk of side effects. Immunotherapy: Sublingual or subcutaneous immunotherapy (SLIT or SCIT) can help desensitize the immune system to specific allergens, reducing allergic reactions over time. Biologic Therapies: Monoclonal antibodies like omalizumab and dupilumab have shown promise in the treatment of severe allergic conjunctivitis by targeting specific pathways involved in allergic inflammation. Nasal-to-Ocular Delivery: Innovative drug delivery methods aim to provide targeted therapy to the eyes via nasal-to-ocular routes, improving drug efficacy while minimizing systemic side effects. Gene Therapy: Ongoing research explores gene therapy approaches to modify the immune response, potentially offering a long-term solution for allergic conjunctivitis. Conventional treatments focus on symptom relief, while emerging techniques, such as immunotherapy, biologic therapies, novel drug delivery methods, and gene therapy, hold promise for addressing the underlying immune response and providing more targeted and long-lasting relief for individuals suffering from allergic conjunctivitis. Further research and clinical trials are essential to validate the safety and efficacy of these emerging treatments and enhance the management of this prevalent ocular condition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Current Pharmaceutical Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Herbal Approaches for the Treatment of Hypertension: A Literature Review
Background- High blood pressure is a very common disease in most countries. This can also cause the worsening of other cardiovascular disorders. The total number of people who are suffering from hypertension has elevated in the past thirty years. It impacts the quality of life and it can be caused due to many factors like the lifestyle of the patient (inactivity), stress, obesity, stress, alcohol consumption, unhealthy food habits, age, and other underlying diseases. It is estimated that the cases of hypertension will rise up to 23.25 % by the year 2025 in India. Its occurrence in urban areas is more compared to the rural areas. In order to treat hypertension alternative medication can be used. Method- To carry out this review we searched out the articles from various databases which includes PubMed, web of science and google scholar. All the papers that discussed about hypertension and its herbal remedies were screened. Conclusion- Thus, the current review aimed to highlight various herbal drugs used for the treatment of hypertension. Many patients prefer herbal remedies over modern drugs. There are many herbal drugs available, which can be used for the successful treatment of high blood pressure like hibiscus, tulsi, garlic, Ashoka and etc.
Neurobehavioral and Antioxidant Activity of Crassula ovata Extract in Haloperidol-Induced Alterations in Albino Rats
Aims: This investigation was carried out to determine the behavioral and antioxidant effects of Crassula ovata leaf extract in albino rats exposed to haloperidol-induced alterations. Study Design: Randomized, controlled in vivo pharmacological study. Methodology: Thirty rats were divided into five groups (n=6). Behavioral deficits were produced using haloperidol (10 mg/kg, i.p.). A standard group received imipramine (25 mg/kg), while the test groups were treated with Crassula ovata extract at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. Behavioral responses were assessed using the Open Field Test (OFT) and Cage Climbing Test (CCT). Antioxidant status was evaluated by estimating superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in brain homogenate. Results: Haloperidol produced a noticeable decline in locomotor activity, center-zone exploration, climbing duration, and SOD levels. Both doses of C. ovata ameliorated these changes, with the 400 mg/kg dose showing the strongest improvement. The extract enhanced center time, total distance travelled, and climbing activity. SOD activity increased significantly in the treated groups when compared with the haloperidol control. Conclusion: Crassula ovata improved behavioral responses and restored antioxidant enzyme activity in haloperidol-treated rats. The findings suggest that the extract possesses neuroprotective and antioxidant potential, with the 400 mg/kg dose showing the most pronounced effects.
Crassula ovata, Haloperidol, Behavioral study, SOD, Open Field Test, Cage Climbing Test, Neuropharmacology.
In-Vitro Antioxidant Evaluation of Crassula ovata Leaf Extract Using DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay and Phytochemical Profiling
Aims: The present in vitro investigation assessed the antioxidant potential of Crassula ovata leaf extract through DPPH radical scavenging and preliminary phytochemical analysis. Study Design: Experimental laboratory-based in vitro study. Methods: Leaf extract of C. ovata was screened for major phytochemical constituents. Antioxidant capacity was examined using the DPPH radical scavenging method by measuring absorbance changes at 517 nm across different extract concentrations. Percentage inhibition and IC₅₀ values were calculated to determine potency. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, saponins, and resins, indicating the presence of bioactive constituents capable of donating hydrogen atoms or electrons to neutralize free radicals. C. ovata demonstrated concentration-dependent scavenging of DPPH radicals, with percentage inhibition increasing progressively with dose. The calculated IC₅₀ value suggests moderate to strong antioxidant potential for the plant extract. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity exhibited by Crassula ovata may be attributed to its phytochemical constituents. These findings support the plant’s potential application as a natural source of antioxidant compounds.
Crassula ovata, DPPH assay, phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity, IC₅₀, free radicals
Integrative Oncology: A Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of Herbal and Allopathic Medicine in Cancer Treatment
Cancer remains a leading global health challenge, with management predominantly relying on allopathic modalities like chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy. While these conventional treatments provide potent, evidence-based tumor control, they often incur significant toxicity and compromised quality of life. In parallel, herbal medicine rooted in traditional systems such as Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine is gaining renewed attention for its multi-targeted action on pathways including apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Preclinical and emerging clinical studies highlight the potential of phytochemicals like curcumin and quercetin not only as anti-cancer agents but also as adjuvants to alleviate treatment-related adverse effects and overcome drug resistance. This review systematically compares the principles, efficacy, and safety of allopathic and herbal interventions in oncology. By synthesizing evidence from over 40 scientific publications, in this review it proposed a shift toward an integrative oncology model that synergistically combines the targeted efficacy of conventional treatments with the supportive, multi-mechanistic benefits of validated herbal approaches. Such integration aims to enhance therapeutic outcomes, reduce morbidity, and improve holistic patient care throughout the cancer journey.
Integrative Oncology, Allopathic Medicine, Herbal Medicine, Phytochemicals, Drug Resistance, Quality of Life, Evidence-Based Medicine
Baicalein from Scutellaria baicalensis as Natural Therapeutic Agent for Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), also known as grade IV astrocytoma, remains one of the most challenging malignancies in neuro-oncology, characterized by an exceptionally poor prognosis and high recurrence rate. The multifactorial nature of glioblastoma progression—including its resistance to apoptosis, diffuse infiltration, and angiogenesis—makes it one of the most treatment-resistant tumors. Standard treatment protocols involving surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and temozolomide chemotherapy have only marginally improved survival outcomes. There is, therefore, a growing demand for novel therapeutic agents that are multi-targeted, effective across glioblastoma molecular subtypes, and capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this context, baicalein, a naturally occurring flavonoid derived from Scutellaria baicalensis (commonly known as Chinese skullcap), has emerged as a promising candidate. With a rich ethnopharmacological history in traditional Chinese medicine, S. baicalensis has been used for centuries to treat inflammatory diseases, viral infections, and cancers. Modern scientific studies have revealed that baicalein exerts diverse pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, neuroprotective, and anticancer properties. In glioblastoma models, baicalein demonstrates a capacity to suppress tumor proliferation, promote apoptosis, inhibit angiogenesis, and impair invasive behavior of glioma cells. The goal of this comprehensive review is to synthesize the current knowledge surrounding baicalein’s pharmacological actions in the context of glioblastoma. We explore its phytochemical composition, its molecular targets within glioblastoma signaling networks, its pharmacokinetic limitations, and the use of advanced drug delivery systems to enhance its therapeutic efficacy. In addition, we examine recent preclinical data supporting its use, the potential for combination with existing chemotherapeutic agents, and the status of clinical development. We also address the challenges facing baicalein’s clinical translation, including solubility issues, bioavailability, and the need for regulatory oversight. Comparative analysis with other flavonoids (e.g., wogonin, luteolin, quercetin) is included to place baicalein’s unique properties in context. Ultimately, this review aims to provide a platform for further investigation and development of baicalein as a viable adjunct or primary therapeutic option for glioblastoma patients.
Baicalein, Scutellaria baicalensis, Glioblastoma, Neuroprotection, Cancer therapy
Harmonizing Traditional Ayurvedic Knowledge with Modern Science: A Comprehensive Review
Background: Ayurveda, an ancient Indian medical system, has provided a holistic approach to health and well-being for thousands of years. It emphasizes the balance of physical, mental, and spiritual aspects through dietary (Pathya) recommendations, daily (Dinacharya) routines, and herbal treatments. Despite its extensive historical usage and increasing modern prominence, Ayurveda often encounters skepticism from contemporary scientists. Objective: This review aims to examine Ayurveda's historical background, fundamental principles, and therapeutic procedures while comparing them with contemporary scientific knowledge. The analysis explores key Ayurvedic concepts, such as Svasthya (optimal health), Ahara (nutrition), and Agni (metabolic energy), and investigates the genetic basis of Prakriti (individual constitution) and advancements in Rasayana (rejuvenative therapies). It seeks to identify integrative approaches combining Ayurvedic pharmacology with modern biosciences. Methods: The review critically analyzes foundational Ayurvedic texts, such as the Charaka Samhita, to understand their historical development and principles. It examines Ayurvedic approaches to nutrition, including the classification of foods based on psychological and physiological effects, food intolerances, and the role of Prakriti in determining individual health. Additionally, it incorporates insights from network pharmacology and Dravya Guna Sastra (Ayurvedic pharmacology) to bridge traditional knowledge with modern scientific methodologies. Findings: Ayurveda offers a holistic framework for health by integrating nutrition, lifestyle, and therapeutic practices. The Ayurvedic approach to nutrition emphasizes individual constitution (Prakriti) and metabolic energy (Agni), advocating personalized dietary recommendations. Emerging research supports the genetic basis of Prakriti, validating its role in personalized medicine. Furthermore, Rasayana therapies target rejuvenation and longevity, aligning with modern therapeutic goals of preventing chronic diseases and promoting well-being. The integration of Ayurvedic pharmacology with network pharmacology offers potential for identifying novel drug targets and developing holistic pharmaceutical interventions. Conclusion: This review highlights the significance of Ayurveda's holistic principles and its potential to complement modern scientific knowledge. By integrating Ayurvedic wisdom with advanced biosciences, a synergistic approach to healthcare can be developed, offering personalized and effective treatments. Future research should focus on validating Ayurvedic principles through modern scientific frameworks to foster wider acceptance and application.
Ayurveda, holistic health, Prakriti, Rasayana, Agni, network pharmacology, Dravya Guna Sastra, personalized medicine
Diabetes and Erectile Dysfunction: Exploring the Ayurvedic Understanding of Madhumehaj Klaibya
Background: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a prevalent and concerning complication of diabetes mellitus, impacting over 50 percent of diabetic men and manifesting earlier than in the general population. Ayurveda identifies this illness as Madhumehaj Klaibya, a disorder resulting from the vitiation of Vata and Kapha, the deterioration of Meda and Shukra Dhatu, and the depletion of Ojas. This pathophysiology corresponds with modern explanations of diabetic erectile dysfunction, including hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction, neuropathy, oxidative stress, and impaired nitric oxide signaling. Objective: The objective of this article is to analyze the Ayurvedic viewpoint on Madhumehaj Klaibya and correlate it with current biological research on diabetes-induced erectile dysfunction, highlighting integrative therapeutic approaches that combine traditional and contemporary practices. Methods: Classical Ayurvedic texts—Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, and Bhavaprakasha—were analyzed to clarify the ideas of Klaibya and Madhumeha. Concurrently, modern biological resources (PubMed, AYUSH Research Portal) were analyzed to identify causes and treatment approaches for diabetic erectile dysfunction. A comparative synthesis was conducted to correlate Ayurvedic concepts with biomedical findings. Outcomes: Ayurveda associates Madhumehaj Klaibya with Kapha–Meda Avarana, which impedes Vata, leading to diminished Agni (metabolic fire), Shukra Dushti, and Ojas Kshaya—comparable to vascular insufficiency, oxidative damage, and hormonal imbalance. Recent pharmacological research indicates that Ayurvedic therapies, particularly Rasayana and Vajikarana Chikitsa utilizing Ashwagandha, Shilajatu, Musali Pak, Gudmar, and Gokshura, have adaptogenic, antioxidant, and androgenic properties. Integrating these with PDE-5 inhibitors, testosterone treatment, and lifestyle modifications may enhance nitric oxide availability, metabolic regulation, and psychosexual resilience. Conclusion: Madhumehaj Klaibya illustrates a profound correlation between Ayurvedic and contemporary biological perspectives on diabetic erectile dysfunction. Ayurvedic concepts like Agnideepana, Srotoshodhana, Rasayana, and Vajikarana provide a holistic framework that includes both metabolic and psychological aspects. Future investigations ought to concentrate on multicentric clinical trials, standardization of formulations, and biomarker-driven validation to advance integrative, evidence-based sexual medicine.
Madhumehaj Klaibya, Diabetes Mellitus, Erectile Dysfunction, Diabetes Mellitus Induced Erectile Dysfunction, Rasayana, Vajikarana.
Emerging Biomarkers for Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease: Progress and Challenges
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline, which poses a growing global health challenge due to an aging population. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial in slowing disease progression and improving patient outcomes. Biomarkers have emerged as pivotal tools in detecting AD at its pre-symptomatic stages, offering insights into underlying pathophysiological processes before clinical symptoms appear. This review highlights the role of emerging biomarkers, including amyloid-β, tau, neurofilament light chain, and genetic markers, in early detection, disease monitoring, and personalized treatment strategies. Advances in mass spectrometry, liquid biopsy, and neuroimaging technologies have enhanced biomarker sensitivity, enabling better prediction of disease progression. Despite these advances, challenges remain, such as issues with biomarker sensitivity and specificity, the high cost of diagnostic technologies, and ethical concerns surrounding genetic testing and patient privacy. Standardization across assays and platforms is crucial for clinical application. The future of AD biomarker research lies in integrating multiple biomarkers and embracing precision medicine to tailor treatments to individual patient profiles.
Copyright (c) 2025 Current Pharmaceutical Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of a Multicomponent Herbal Shampoo for Enhanced Hair and Scalp Health
The study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a novel herbal shampoo as a natural alternative to synthetic commercial products. Synthetic shampoos, though effective, are often associated with adverse effects such as scalp irritation, hair dryness, and hair fall due to the presence of harsh detergents and chemical additives. In response, the present research aimed to develop a safe, eco-friendly, and effective herbal formulation using traditional medicinal plants, including bhringraj, soap nut, shikakai, amla, Senna, hibiscus, aloe vera, lemon juice, rose oil, and gelatin. The shampoo was prepared through Soxhlet extraction and evaluated for its physicochemical and functional properties. Tests performed included physical appearance, pH measurement, per cent solid content, wetting time, dirt dispersion, foaming ability, foam stability, and surface tension analysis. Results revealed that the herbal shampoo had a mildly acidic pH (6.5), consistent with ideal hair care standards. Solid content was measured at 1%, indicating a light formulation. The wetting time was three seconds, demonstrating quick cleansing action, while the dirt dispersion test showed adequate cleansing capacity. Foaming studies confirmed moderate foam stability, and surface tension measurements (30–40 dynes/cm) highlighted vigorous surfactant activity comparable to synthetic shampoos. Overall, the formulated herbal shampoo demonstrated desirable qualities, including effective cleansing, good surface activity, and environmental safety, validating the potential of herbal alternatives in the personal care industry. The findings support consumer preferences for natural, safe, and sustainable products that do not compromise performance or quality.
Development and Evaluation of Licorice Root Extract-Based Cream for the Management of Hyperpigmentation
Hyperpigmentation is a common dermatological condition caused by excess melanin production, which is frequently sparked by things like sun exposure, hormonal changes, and inflammation, or skin injury. Conventional treatments, including hydroquinone and corticosteroids, are associated with adverse effects, leading to growing interest in safer, plant-based alternatives. Due to the presence of glabridin, a natural tyrosinase inhibitor, licorice root extract is well-known for its potent skin-lightening and antioxidant properties. The development and in-vitro evaluation of a topical cream containing licorice root extract for the treatment of hyperpigmentation were the primary objectives of this study. The formulation was assessed through preformulation studies, including solubility, pH, and partition coefficient analysis. Postformulation evaluations included organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, spreadability, homogeneity, extrudability, and in vitro drug release. The final cream demonstrated excellent physicochemical stability, user acceptability, and a sustained drug release profile, indicating its potential as a natural, effective, and safe alternative for treating hyperpigmentation.
Licorice root extract, hyperpigmentation, topical cream, glabridin, skin-lightening, in vitro evaluation.
Targeting Metabolic Liver Disorders with Sodium Orthovanadate: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) are major hepatic disorders characterized by lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation, yet they differ fundamentally in aetiology. While NAFLD is primarily driven by insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, AFLD arises from chronic alcohol consumption and the hepatotoxic effects of its metabolites. Current therapeutic approaches for both conditions are limited, often relying on lifestyle modifications or nonspecific pharmacological agents, with suboptimal outcomes. Sodium orthovanadate (SOV), an inorganic vanadium compound, has emerged as a novel candidate due to its multifaceted pharmacological profile. Acting as an insulin mimetic, SOV enhances insulin signalling and glucose uptake, while also exerting potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These properties make it uniquely suited to address both metabolic and alcohol-related liver dysfunction. Preclinical studies have demonstrated SOV’s ability to reduce hepatic steatosis, normalize lipid profiles, improve mitochondrial function, and suppress inflammatory cytokines. Notably, its mechanism of action in NAFLD primarily involves modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism via PI3K/Akt pathways, whereas in AFLD, it acts by attenuating oxidative damage and downregulating NF-κB-mediated inflammation. Despite these promising outcomes, clinical translation is constrained by concerns regarding long-term toxicity. Nevertheless, SOV holds significant potential as a dual-purpose therapeutic agent targeting the complex pathophysiology of fatty liver diseases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Current Pharmaceutical Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Rutin Nanoparticles: Pioneering New Frontier skincare
t Dermatological issues, spanning from common inflammatory conditions to skin aging and cancers, present significant challenges for effective treatment. The application of topical medications provides a promising method to specifically target skin problems while reducing systemic side effects. Rutin, a naturally occurring flavonoid recognized for its strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and healing properties, presents considerable therapeutic potential for various dermatological applications. However, its limited ability to penetrate the skin and low bioavailability hinder its clinical effectiveness. Nanotechnology provides a practical solution to overcome these challenges by encapsulating Rutin in nanoparticles. This review examines the potential of Rutin-loaded nanoparticles as innovative surface modification techniques for skin-related uses. We explore the benefits of Rutin for skin health, the advantages of nanoparticle-delivery systems that are based on collaboration, alongside the joint effects of integration Rutin employing nanotechnology to improve local effectiveness. In addition, we investigate the different types of nanoparticles suitable for Rutinencapsulation, their techniques for enhancing drug delivery, and the promising preclinical and recent clinical information supporting the use of Rutin-loaded nanoparticles in tackling skin ailments. In the end, we explore the challenges and potential avenues for transforming this innovative approach into effective clinical topical therapies.
Advances in Asthma Management: From Inflammatory Mechanisms to Clinical Therapies
Bronchial asthma is chronic inflammatory disorder of the respiratory tract, characterized by increased airway hyperresponsiveness to provocative exposures and episodic airflow obstruction. it caused due to bronchial contraction. some internal and external factor affect asthma.it is non transmissible disease. Many risks factor like smoking, pollutant, depression, allergy affect the asthma disorder. Diagnosis is made with thorough history-taking and physical examination, and the condition is characterised by variable airflow obstruction and airway hyper-responsiveness. Understanding the severity of the disease is important, and treatment is aimed at symptom control and the prevention of future exacerbations. Pharmacologic treatment with beta-agonists for intermittent asthma and inhaled corticosteroids and a combination of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-2 agonists for persistent asthma are recommended. Additional and alternative treatments with leukotriene modifiers, anticholinergics, biologics, and bronchial thermoplasty are also available. However, understanding an individual’s disease phenotype, endotype, and comorbidities is necessary for asthma treatment, with appropriate consultation with asthma specialists required for those with severe asthma.
Exploring the Role of Herbal Remedies and Alternative Therapies in Managing Vitiligo: A Comprehensive Review
Vitiligo is a persistent skin disorder characterized by the loss of pigmentation due to the destruction of melanocytes, which are responsible for producing skin color. Although the exact cause is not fully understood, it is believed to result from a combination of genetic predisposition, autoimmune responses, and environmental factors like stress or trauma. The condition leads to the formation of depigmented patches on the skin, hair, and mucous membranes. While not life-threatening, vitiligo often causes considerable psychological distress, including feelings of embarrassment, shame, and social stigma, which can significantly affect an individual’s emotional health and quality of life. Existing treatment options, such as corticosteroids, phototherapy, and surgical procedures, offer varying levels of success, but no definitive cure has been found. This has sparked increased interest in alternative treatments, particularly herbal remedies. Herbal substances like Ginkgo biloba, Curcumin, and Green Tea are being studied for their potential to reduce oxidative stress, regulate the immune system, and encourage melanocyte regeneration, offering promising non-pharmaceutical solutions for managing vitiligo. This paper offers a thorough overview of vitiligo, including its pathophysiology, classification, and epidemiology. It also examines current treatment methods, with a focus on the potential advantages of herbal remedies. Furthermore, the paper discusses ongoing research into molecular therapies aimed at improving melanocyte function and restoring pigmentation. Given the persistent nature of vitiligo and its significant psychological impact, continued exploration of both conventional and alternative treatments is vital for enhancing patient care. As research advances, new treatment approaches may provide more effective solutions for managing vitiligo and reducing its emotional and social effects. The emerging role of herbal remedies is also highlighted, positioning them as promising alternatives or supplements to conventional treatments.
Vitiligo, Melanocytes, Herbal remedies, Pigmentation, Skin disorder.
Clinical Aspects, Epidemiology, and Management of Hepatitis Viruses: A Comprehensive Review
Hepatitis viruses, including types A, B, C, D, and E, present significant global health challenges, with varying prevalence and clinical manifestations depending on geographical regions. These infections are associated with liver diseases, ranging from mild acute conditions to chronic complications like cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B and C are particularly concerning due to their potential for long-term chronic infections that may result in severe liver damage. The pathogenesis of hepatitis viruses involves complex interactions between viral factors and the host’s immune system, leading to liver injury. While vaccines are available for hepatitis A and B, and antiviral treatments have made progress, challenges remain in managing these infections globally, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This review discusses the epidemiology, clinical outcomes, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for hepatitis viruses, highlighting the need for improved public health strategies, early diagnosis, and effective antiviral therapies to mitigate the global burden of hepatitis infections.
Hepatitis viruses, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Epidemiology, Cirrhosis, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Chronic liver disease, Vaccination, Antiviral therapy, Global health
Duvyzat (Givinostat) in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Mechanisms, Clinical Impact, and Future Directions
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a chronic, progressive neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle degeneration and weakness due to mutations in the dystrophin gene. Although there is no cure, emerging therapies such as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors offer promising avenues to slow disease progression. Duvyzat (givinostat), an orally active HDAC inhibitor, has recently received FDA approval following results from the Phase 3 EPIDYS trial, which demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in motor function. Patients treated with Duvyzat showed a 1.25-second faster performance on the four-stair climb (4SC) test compared to placebo, and a 1.91-point higher North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) score over 72 weeks. Duvyzat was also associated with reduced muscle fat infiltration on MRI. This review discusses the mechanism of HDAC inhibition, clinical evidence supporting Duvyzat's efficacy, its safety profile, and implications for the future of DMD treatment. Continued research is essential to explore long-term outcomes and synergistic potential with gene-targeted therapies.
Innovative Nasal Drug Delivery Systems for Effective Brain Targeting and Blood-Brain Barrier Overcoming
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders remain among the most challenging conditions to treat due to the restrictive nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which significantly limits the delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain. Traditional systemic drug delivery methods often result in low brain bioavailability and increased systemic side effects. In recent years, intranasal drug delivery has gained attention as a non-invasive and efficient route for targeting the brain, bypassing the BBB and providing faster therapeutic action. Advancements in nasal delivery technologies—such as breath-powered devices, magnetophoretic systems, iontophoresis, and nanocarrier-based formulations—have shown promising results in enhancing drug retention in the brain while minimizing peripheral exposure. These methods support the delivery of a wide range of therapeutic agents, including small molecules, peptides, proteins, stem cells, and genetic material, making them suitable for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, brain tumors, and other CNS conditions. The evolving field of nasal drug delivery offers significant potential to revolutionize CNS therapeutics by improving treatment efficacy, patient compliance, and safety. Continued research and clinical validation will further establish intranasal delivery as a cornerstone in the management of complex brain disorders.
Intranasal drug delivery, Bloodbrain barrier, Central nervous system, Brain targeting, Neurotherapeutics
Importance of In-Process Quality Control for Product Safety and Integrity in Pharmaceutical Packaging
In-process quality control (IPQC) is a crucial aspect of pharmaceutical industries, ensuring accurate packaging processes and high-quality final products. It involves a comprehensive approach, including visual inspection of packaging materials and finished products, weighing and volume checks, sealing integrity assessment, accurate labeling, and monitoring of packaging line parameters. The process also scrutinizes the legibility and accuracy of printed packaging information, reviews batch records for adherence to standard procedures and good manufacturing practices, monitors tamper-evident features and environmental conditions, and collects random samples for testing. All IPQC activities are thoroughly documented. The collected data is managed and analyzed for trend identification, issue resolution, and continuous process improvement. Effective IPQC implementation reduces the risk of defects and regulatory non-compliance, ensuring product safety, and efficacy, and maintaining the company's reputation.
Gingko biloba Herbal Plant Used for Treating of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease
Cognitive dementia is the most vulnerable cause of Alzheimer’s disease around the whole world through which there will be cognitive decline in neuronal signal that has been signaling by the generation of nerve impulses thought the region of brain to cerebral cortex part. This disease should affects in the age group of 50-65 or above than 65 year of age but in some cases this may affects in adult with vascular dementia where the person may unable to learning and remembering things, physical and mental behavioural changes may have seen in that cases. In this review we studied the Ginkgo biloba as herbal plant drug which has been used for the treatment of cerebral and vascular dementia or Alzheimer’s disease by which is used as in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease or disorder. The herbal extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves that would be beneficial for memory booster and also improve the learning and remembering capability in an adult or affected person or patient. As usual the herbal extract may helps to improve the nerve conduction in between cerebral cortex where the nerve conduction or generation of nerve impulse throughout the whole body.
The Expanding Role of Sphingolipids in Liver Fibrosis and Disease Progression
Sphingolipids, a class of lipids with diverse carbohydrate components, have been increasingly recognized for their role in various diseases, including liver fibrosis and progression of liver disorders. These lipids, particularly sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), play a crucial part in liver pathology, contributing to conditions such as steatohepatitis, hepatocarcinogenesis, and ischemia-reperfusion liver injury. S1P is involved in inflammation, immune cell modulation, and fibrosis, which are essential components of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). The dysregulation of sphingolipid metabolism, including sphingosine kinase (SphK) activity and its receptors (S1PRs), has been linked to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Additionally, sphingolipid accumulation disorders, such as those seen in sphingolipidoses, further underscore the importance of sphingolipid signaling in liver disease progression. Research highlights the potential of targeting the S1P/S1PR pathway for therapeutic interventions in liver fibrosis and other liver-related disorders. As the global prevalence of fatty liver disease rises, understanding the role of sphingolipids in liver function and pathology will be critical for developing effective treatments and management strategies for chronic liver conditions.
Mouth-Dissolving Films: A Novel Approach for Oral Drug Delivery in Diabetic Management
For the administration of several pharmacologicals, the oral route is considered one of the most practical methods of drug administration, as it accommodates various dosage forms, including tablets, syrups, capsules, emulsions, and suspensions. Mouth Dissolving Drug Delivery Systems have created several fast-dissolving preparations, such as MDT and mouth dissolving film. The hydrophilic polymer makes oral thin films, an innovative dosage form designed to dissolve quickly in the buccal cavity. when it is placed in the mouth, because it is less expensive to produce, mouth dissolving film is better than mouth dissolving tablets. Oral films help overcome swallowing difficulties commonly experienced by both elderly and paediatric patients with tablets and capsules. It also has other benefits, including self-administration and rapid dissolution. This dosage form allows for rapid absorption, making it highly versatile. The current study aims to highlight various polymers, their concentrations, and their applications. Additionally, it explores the role of plasticizers, sweeteners, polymers, and different techniques used in the formulation of oral films, along with the key parameters for their evaluation.
Overview of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Epidemiology, Causes, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Importance
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is a prevalent gastrointestinal condition characterized by ulcerative lesions in the stomach, duodenum, or lower esophagus, resulting from an imbalance between aggressive factors such as gastric acid, pepsin, Helicobacter pylori infection, and NSAID use, and protective mechanisms including mucus and bicarbonate secretion. Affecting approximately 5–14% of the global population—primarily men aged 40 to 60—PUD presents with symptoms like epigastric pain and discomfort, with diagnosis often confirmed via upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The pathophysiology of PUD involves complex interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and lifestyle factors. Its chronic nature, characterized by alternating periods of flare-ups and remission, poses significant clinical and economic challenges. Advances in understanding gastric physiology and the identification of H. pylori have transformed the management and surgical approach to the disease, underscoring its continued relevance in modern gastroenterology.
Advancements in Endoscopic Techniques: Revolutionizing Patient Care and Surgical Precision
Endoscopic techniques have revolutionized diagnostic and therapeutic practices across multiple medical specialties, including orthopedics, neurology, gastroenterology, pulmonology, urology, and gynecology. Initially developed for diagnostic visualization, advancements in optics, flexible instruments, and minimally invasive approaches have expanded endoscopy’s role to complex surgical interventions. These techniques offer significant benefits such as reduced surgical trauma, improved patient outcomes, faster recovery, and lower complication rates. Endoscopy is now integral to procedures like arthroscopy, neuroendoscopy, therapeutic colonoscopy, bronchoscopic lung biopsy, ureteroscopy, and hysteroscopy. Moreover, innovations in imaging, robotics, and artificial intelligence are rapidly enhancing precision and capabilities in real-time diagnosis and treatment. The growing emphasis on training, simulation, and interdisciplinary collaboration is essential to ensure safe and effective practice. As technology continues to evolve, endoscopy is poised to become a cornerstone of future medical interventions.
Endoscopy, Minimally Invasive Surgery, Arthroscopy, Neuroendoscopy, Therapeutic Endoscopy
Sphingosomes: Advancements and Emerging Applications in Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
In a variety of different scientific fields, vesicular systems have proven to be very effective carrier systems. Sphingosomes are bilayered vesicles having a fully enclosed aqueous membrane lipid bilayer made primarily sphingolipid, natural or synthetic. The instability, in vivo circulation duration, and cancer loading efficacy in cancer therapy are important limitations of the vesicle system (liposomes, niosomes) that are addressed by sphingosomes. The information was acquired by searching for Sphingosomes in the Scopus and Google Scholar databases. In clinical contexts, Chemotherapy, biological macromolecules, and diagnostics are delivered via sphingosomes. Due to their size and content, sphingosomes can take several forms. The report suggests that sphingosomes are a potential vesicular drug delivery system that may transport pharmaceutical substances for a variety of purposes.
Sphingosomes, Drug delivery, Sphingomyelin, Vesicular system, Preparation, Applications
Navigating the Cellular Maze: Innovative Strategies for Targeted Drug Delivery in Cervical Cancer
Cervical Cancer is a major health concern around the world including those regions which are limited in healthcare resources. The intricacies of this illness necessitates new and alternate methods to help treat its complexities. Researchers are therefore exploring means of targeted drug delivery that would deliver medications right to the cancer cells, minimizing side effects elsewhere in the human body. That targeted approach can increase treatment effectiveness. There are a lot of delivery systems available such as nanoparticles, liposomes, polymeric micelles and micellar systems, hydrogels or local drug delivery devices. They address matters, such as drug resistance and ensuring the targeted site of the body receives the dose. On top of that, emerging targeting strategies involving tumor -specific ligands, immunotherapy, virotherapy, and gene therapy look promising to develop more selective and efficacious treatments at a preclinical stage. Through the heavy focus on the complicated cellular pathways implicated in cervical cancer, these new approaches will make way for increased individualized and efficacious treatments. There is a need for further research to be carried out in the area of targeted drug delivery and the evolving targeting strategy, which is apparent through the literature. It remains a central goal with continued development of these strategies, we already know that this heralds increased clinical benefit and quality of life for cervical cancer patients worldwide. The synergy of novel drug delivery techniques combined with targeted approaches hold promise in modifications towards an era when cervical cancer can be better managed or even eradicetd.
Cervical cancer, Targeted drug delivery, Nanotechnology, Personalized medicine, Immunotherapy
Berberine in Breast Cancer Management: Molecular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Applications, and Future Directions
Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. While conventional therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, hormonal, targeted, and immune therapy have improved survival rates, drug resistance and recurrence remain major challenges. Berberine (BBR), a natural isoquinoline alkaloid found in various medicinal plants, has emerged as a promising candidate in integrative oncology due to its diverse pharmacological properties. This review summarizes the anticancer potential of BBR in breast cancer, particularly its ability to inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, regulate autophagy, suppress metastasis, and modulate key signaling pathways such as AMPK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, and MAPK/ERK. Furthermore, BBR’s molecular targets—including microRNAs, p53, Ephrin-B2, and SIK3—highlight its multi-targeted mode of action. Notably, BBR demonstrates selective toxicity against cancer cells while sparing normal tissues. These findings support BBR’s potential as a complementary agent to enhance the efficacy of standard therapies and overcome drug resistance. Further clinical studies are necessary to establish its safety, optimal dosing, and therapeutic integration in breast cancer management.
Berberine, Breast Cancer, TripleNegative Breast Cancer (TNBC), AMPK Pathway, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Wnt/β-Catenin
Metabolic Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Clinical Implications, and Management Strategies
Metabolic syndrome is a complex disorder characterized by a cluster of conditions, including insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidaemia, and hypertension, which collectively elevate the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus and its significant impact on patients with lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and interstitial lung disease (ILD). This review explores the pathophysiology of Metbolic Syndrome, emphasizing the roles of insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, the complex interplay between MetS and lung diseases, focusing on systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune system activation in its development. These factors exacerbate pulmonary symptoms and contribute to multi-organ complications, including cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cognitive decline. Clinical implications are discussed, highlighting the increased risks of cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, and frailty, particularly in older adults and specific gender groups. Management strategies, such as lifestyle interventions, pharmacological treatments, and novel therapeutic approaches like sacubitril/valsartan and telmisartan, are reviewed to underscore the importance of early intervention. This review also highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to management, integrating lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions (e.g., statins, GLP-1 agonists), and emerging therapies (e.g., senolytics, gut-lung axis modulation). The paper concludes with a call for targeted therapies to address the underlying mechanisms of Metabolic Syndrome in high-risk populations and by addressing pulmonary components, such strategies aim to improve patient outcomes and reduce morbidity and mortality.
Neuroprotective Effects of Seaweeds in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is anprogressive neurodegenerative disorder with symptoms of progressive cognitive decline, including memory loss.The rapid worldwide increase in prevalence of AD highlights a high unmet need for novel AD therapies beyond symptom management. Current pharmacologic interventions, such as cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists, provide a marginal benefit in ameliorating disease progression. Thus, we look to onboard alternative ocean-derived bioactive constituents as therapeutics.Some of the bioactive compounds present in brown algae (seaweeds), in particular, such as fucoidan, phlorotannins, and alginate, demonstrate neuroprotective action by inhibition of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in addition to the amyloid-induced plaques (the major hallmarks of AD pathology).Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory polysaccharides from green and red algae may also play a role in the preservation of cognitive functions due to their content in species. Preclinical trials in the past have shown that these compounds can be useful for neuroprotection and even disease modification.While this is promising, further research and clinical trials are needed to demonstrate the impact on AD treatment with seaweed-derived compounds. Placing a bet on the new advances of science, marine bioresources, while not neglecting the progress noticed these days in enhancing the lives of AD creatures.
Alzheimer's disease (AD), Neurodegenerative disease, Cognitive impairment, Memory impairment, Neuropsychiatric symptoms, Marine compounds, Seaweeds.
Overview of the Vital Role of Vitamin D: Functions, Deficiency Syndromes, and Impact Throughout Life
The recent study provides a comprehensive overview of vitamin D, emphasizing its biological roles, sources, and health implications. Vitamin D, a fat-soluble prohormone, is essential for bone health, immune function, mental well-being, reproductive health, and the prevention of chronic diseases. Discovered in the early 20th century due to the anti-rachitic effects of cod liver oil, vitamin D includes two main inactive precursors: vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). Vitamin D3 is endogenously synthesized in the skin through ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation (290–320 nm), while vitamin D2 originates from plants and is obtained through dietary intake. The synthesis and activation of vitamin D are influenced by factors such as UVB exposure, with excessive exposure leading to the formation of inactive metabolites like tachysterol and lumisterol. This overview underscores the critical importance of maintaining adequate vitamin D levels for optimal health outcomes.