About the Journal The Current Pharmaceutical Research (CPR) Journal is a peer-reviewed publication issued every three months. It focuses on disseminating high-quality, original research, reviews, short communications, case reports, ethical discussions, educational perspectives, and letters to the editor, all of which contribute significantly to the advancement of pharmaceutical sciences. CPR publishes original research articles, short communications, and review articles covering a wide range of topics, from drug discovery to clinical evaluation. Areas of interest include the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning in the healthcare sector and drug discovery, as well as medicinal and analytical chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutics, and pharmacokinetics. The journal also emphasizes pharmacognosy, including herbal product standardization and phytochemistry, pharmacology, and related fields such as drug regulatory affairs, pharmaceutical marketing, pharmaceutical microbiology, pharmaceutical biochemistry, education in pharmacy, and hospital pharmacy. The journal prioritizes articles featuring innovative and timely research concepts. All published articles represent the opinions of the authors and do not reflect the official stance of Current Pharmaceutical Research (CPR). Each submission undergoes a double-blind peer review process to ensure the highest scientific standards.
Emerging Biomarkers for Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease: Progress and Challenges
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline, which poses a growing global health challenge due to an aging population. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial in slowing disease progression and improving patient outcomes. Biomarkers have emerged as pivotal tools in detecting AD at its pre-symptomatic stages, offering insights into underlying pathophysiological processes before clinical symptoms appear. This review highlights the role of emerging biomarkers, including amyloid-β, tau, neurofilament light chain, and genetic markers, in early detection, disease monitoring, and personalized treatment strategies. Advances in mass spectrometry, liquid biopsy, and neuroimaging technologies have enhanced biomarker sensitivity, enabling better prediction of disease progression. Despite these advances, challenges remain, such as issues with biomarker sensitivity and specificity, the high cost of diagnostic technologies, and ethical concerns surrounding genetic testing and patient privacy. Standardization across assays and platforms is crucial for clinical application. The future of AD biomarker research lies in integrating multiple biomarkers and embracing precision medicine to tailor treatments to individual patient profiles.
Copyright (c) 2025 Current Pharmaceutical Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of a Multicomponent Herbal Shampoo for Enhanced Hair and Scalp Health
The study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a novel herbal shampoo as a natural alternative to synthetic commercial products. Synthetic shampoos, though effective, are often associated with adverse effects such as scalp irritation, hair dryness, and hair fall due to the presence of harsh detergents and chemical additives. In response, the present research aimed to develop a safe, eco-friendly, and effective herbal formulation using traditional medicinal plants, including bhringraj, soap nut, shikakai, amla, Senna, hibiscus, aloe vera, lemon juice, rose oil, and gelatin. The shampoo was prepared through Soxhlet extraction and evaluated for its physicochemical and functional properties. Tests performed included physical appearance, pH measurement, per cent solid content, wetting time, dirt dispersion, foaming ability, foam stability, and surface tension analysis. Results revealed that the herbal shampoo had a mildly acidic pH (6.5), consistent with ideal hair care standards. Solid content was measured at 1%, indicating a light formulation. The wetting time was three seconds, demonstrating quick cleansing action, while the dirt dispersion test showed adequate cleansing capacity. Foaming studies confirmed moderate foam stability, and surface tension measurements (30–40 dynes/cm) highlighted vigorous surfactant activity comparable to synthetic shampoos. Overall, the formulated herbal shampoo demonstrated desirable qualities, including effective cleansing, good surface activity, and environmental safety, validating the potential of herbal alternatives in the personal care industry. The findings support consumer preferences for natural, safe, and sustainable products that do not compromise performance or quality.
Development and Evaluation of Licorice Root Extract-Based Cream for the Management of Hyperpigmentation
Hyperpigmentation is a common dermatological condition caused by excess melanin production, which is frequently sparked by things like sun exposure, hormonal changes, and inflammation, or skin injury. Conventional treatments, including hydroquinone and corticosteroids, are associated with adverse effects, leading to growing interest in safer, plant-based alternatives. Due to the presence of glabridin, a natural tyrosinase inhibitor, licorice root extract is well-known for its potent skin-lightening and antioxidant properties. The development and in-vitro evaluation of a topical cream containing licorice root extract for the treatment of hyperpigmentation were the primary objectives of this study. The formulation was assessed through preformulation studies, including solubility, pH, and partition coefficient analysis. Postformulation evaluations included organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, spreadability, homogeneity, extrudability, and in vitro drug release. The final cream demonstrated excellent physicochemical stability, user acceptability, and a sustained drug release profile, indicating its potential as a natural, effective, and safe alternative for treating hyperpigmentation.
Licorice root extract, hyperpigmentation, topical cream, glabridin, skin-lightening, in vitro evaluation.
Targeting Metabolic Liver Disorders with Sodium Orthovanadate: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) are major hepatic disorders characterized by lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation, yet they differ fundamentally in aetiology. While NAFLD is primarily driven by insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, AFLD arises from chronic alcohol consumption and the hepatotoxic effects of its metabolites. Current therapeutic approaches for both conditions are limited, often relying on lifestyle modifications or nonspecific pharmacological agents, with suboptimal outcomes. Sodium orthovanadate (SOV), an inorganic vanadium compound, has emerged as a novel candidate due to its multifaceted pharmacological profile. Acting as an insulin mimetic, SOV enhances insulin signalling and glucose uptake, while also exerting potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These properties make it uniquely suited to address both metabolic and alcohol-related liver dysfunction. Preclinical studies have demonstrated SOV’s ability to reduce hepatic steatosis, normalize lipid profiles, improve mitochondrial function, and suppress inflammatory cytokines. Notably, its mechanism of action in NAFLD primarily involves modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism via PI3K/Akt pathways, whereas in AFLD, it acts by attenuating oxidative damage and downregulating NF-κB-mediated inflammation. Despite these promising outcomes, clinical translation is constrained by concerns regarding long-term toxicity. Nevertheless, SOV holds significant potential as a dual-purpose therapeutic agent targeting the complex pathophysiology of fatty liver diseases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Current Pharmaceutical Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Rutin Nanoparticles: Pioneering New Frontier skincare
t Dermatological issues, spanning from common inflammatory conditions to skin aging and cancers, present significant challenges for effective treatment. The application of topical medications provides a promising method to specifically target skin problems while reducing systemic side effects. Rutin, a naturally occurring flavonoid recognized for its strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and healing properties, presents considerable therapeutic potential for various dermatological applications. However, its limited ability to penetrate the skin and low bioavailability hinder its clinical effectiveness. Nanotechnology provides a practical solution to overcome these challenges by encapsulating Rutin in nanoparticles. This review examines the potential of Rutin-loaded nanoparticles as innovative surface modification techniques for skin-related uses. We explore the benefits of Rutin for skin health, the advantages of nanoparticle-delivery systems that are based on collaboration, alongside the joint effects of integration Rutin employing nanotechnology to improve local effectiveness. In addition, we investigate the different types of nanoparticles suitable for Rutinencapsulation, their techniques for enhancing drug delivery, and the promising preclinical and recent clinical information supporting the use of Rutin-loaded nanoparticles in tackling skin ailments. In the end, we explore the challenges and potential avenues for transforming this innovative approach into effective clinical topical therapies.
Exploring the Role of Herbal Remedies and Alternative Therapies in Managing Vitiligo: A Comprehensive Review
Vitiligo is a persistent skin disorder characterized by the loss of pigmentation due to the destruction of melanocytes, which are responsible for producing skin color. Although the exact cause is not fully understood, it is believed to result from a combination of genetic predisposition, autoimmune responses, and environmental factors like stress or trauma. The condition leads to the formation of depigmented patches on the skin, hair, and mucous membranes. While not life-threatening, vitiligo often causes considerable psychological distress, including feelings of embarrassment, shame, and social stigma, which can significantly affect an individual’s emotional health and quality of life. Existing treatment options, such as corticosteroids, phototherapy, and surgical procedures, offer varying levels of success, but no definitive cure has been found. This has sparked increased interest in alternative treatments, particularly herbal remedies. Herbal substances like Ginkgo biloba, Curcumin, and Green Tea are being studied for their potential to reduce oxidative stress, regulate the immune system, and encourage melanocyte regeneration, offering promising non-pharmaceutical solutions for managing vitiligo. This paper offers a thorough overview of vitiligo, including its pathophysiology, classification, and epidemiology. It also examines current treatment methods, with a focus on the potential advantages of herbal remedies. Furthermore, the paper discusses ongoing research into molecular therapies aimed at improving melanocyte function and restoring pigmentation. Given the persistent nature of vitiligo and its significant psychological impact, continued exploration of both conventional and alternative treatments is vital for enhancing patient care. As research advances, new treatment approaches may provide more effective solutions for managing vitiligo and reducing its emotional and social effects. The emerging role of herbal remedies is also highlighted, positioning them as promising alternatives or supplements to conventional treatments.
Vitiligo, Melanocytes, Herbal remedies, Pigmentation, Skin disorder.
Clinical Aspects, Epidemiology, and Management of Hepatitis Viruses: A Comprehensive Review
Hepatitis viruses, including types A, B, C, D, and E, present significant global health challenges, with varying prevalence and clinical manifestations depending on geographical regions. These infections are associated with liver diseases, ranging from mild acute conditions to chronic complications like cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B and C are particularly concerning due to their potential for long-term chronic infections that may result in severe liver damage. The pathogenesis of hepatitis viruses involves complex interactions between viral factors and the host’s immune system, leading to liver injury. While vaccines are available for hepatitis A and B, and antiviral treatments have made progress, challenges remain in managing these infections globally, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This review discusses the epidemiology, clinical outcomes, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for hepatitis viruses, highlighting the need for improved public health strategies, early diagnosis, and effective antiviral therapies to mitigate the global burden of hepatitis infections.
Hepatitis viruses, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Epidemiology, Cirrhosis, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Chronic liver disease, Vaccination, Antiviral therapy, Global health
Duvyzat (Givinostat) in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Mechanisms, Clinical Impact, and Future Directions
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a chronic, progressive neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle degeneration and weakness due to mutations in the dystrophin gene. Although there is no cure, emerging therapies such as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors offer promising avenues to slow disease progression. Duvyzat (givinostat), an orally active HDAC inhibitor, has recently received FDA approval following results from the Phase 3 EPIDYS trial, which demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in motor function. Patients treated with Duvyzat showed a 1.25-second faster performance on the four-stair climb (4SC) test compared to placebo, and a 1.91-point higher North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) score over 72 weeks. Duvyzat was also associated with reduced muscle fat infiltration on MRI. This review discusses the mechanism of HDAC inhibition, clinical evidence supporting Duvyzat's efficacy, its safety profile, and implications for the future of DMD treatment. Continued research is essential to explore long-term outcomes and synergistic potential with gene-targeted therapies.
Innovative Nasal Drug Delivery Systems for Effective Brain Targeting and Blood-Brain Barrier Overcoming
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders remain among the most challenging conditions to treat due to the restrictive nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which significantly limits the delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain. Traditional systemic drug delivery methods often result in low brain bioavailability and increased systemic side effects. In recent years, intranasal drug delivery has gained attention as a non-invasive and efficient route for targeting the brain, bypassing the BBB and providing faster therapeutic action. Advancements in nasal delivery technologies—such as breath-powered devices, magnetophoretic systems, iontophoresis, and nanocarrier-based formulations—have shown promising results in enhancing drug retention in the brain while minimizing peripheral exposure. These methods support the delivery of a wide range of therapeutic agents, including small molecules, peptides, proteins, stem cells, and genetic material, making them suitable for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, brain tumors, and other CNS conditions. The evolving field of nasal drug delivery offers significant potential to revolutionize CNS therapeutics by improving treatment efficacy, patient compliance, and safety. Continued research and clinical validation will further establish intranasal delivery as a cornerstone in the management of complex brain disorders.
Intranasal drug delivery, Bloodbrain barrier, Central nervous system, Brain targeting, Neurotherapeutics
Importance of In-Process Quality Control for Product Safety and Integrity in Pharmaceutical Packaging
In-process quality control (IPQC) is a crucial aspect of pharmaceutical industries, ensuring accurate packaging processes and high-quality final products. It involves a comprehensive approach, including visual inspection of packaging materials and finished products, weighing and volume checks, sealing integrity assessment, accurate labeling, and monitoring of packaging line parameters. The process also scrutinizes the legibility and accuracy of printed packaging information, reviews batch records for adherence to standard procedures and good manufacturing practices, monitors tamper-evident features and environmental conditions, and collects random samples for testing. All IPQC activities are thoroughly documented. The collected data is managed and analyzed for trend identification, issue resolution, and continuous process improvement. Effective IPQC implementation reduces the risk of defects and regulatory non-compliance, ensuring product safety, and efficacy, and maintaining the company's reputation.
Gingko biloba Herbal Plant Used for Treating of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease
Cognitive dementia is the most vulnerable cause of Alzheimer’s disease around the whole world through which there will be cognitive decline in neuronal signal that has been signaling by the generation of nerve impulses thought the region of brain to cerebral cortex part. This disease should affects in the age group of 50-65 or above than 65 year of age but in some cases this may affects in adult with vascular dementia where the person may unable to learning and remembering things, physical and mental behavioural changes may have seen in that cases. In this review we studied the Ginkgo biloba as herbal plant drug which has been used for the treatment of cerebral and vascular dementia or Alzheimer’s disease by which is used as in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease or disorder. The herbal extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves that would be beneficial for memory booster and also improve the learning and remembering capability in an adult or affected person or patient. As usual the herbal extract may helps to improve the nerve conduction in between cerebral cortex where the nerve conduction or generation of nerve impulse throughout the whole body.
The Expanding Role of Sphingolipids in Liver Fibrosis and Disease Progression
Sphingolipids, a class of lipids with diverse carbohydrate components, have been increasingly recognized for their role in various diseases, including liver fibrosis and progression of liver disorders. These lipids, particularly sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), play a crucial part in liver pathology, contributing to conditions such as steatohepatitis, hepatocarcinogenesis, and ischemia-reperfusion liver injury. S1P is involved in inflammation, immune cell modulation, and fibrosis, which are essential components of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). The dysregulation of sphingolipid metabolism, including sphingosine kinase (SphK) activity and its receptors (S1PRs), has been linked to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Additionally, sphingolipid accumulation disorders, such as those seen in sphingolipidoses, further underscore the importance of sphingolipid signaling in liver disease progression. Research highlights the potential of targeting the S1P/S1PR pathway for therapeutic interventions in liver fibrosis and other liver-related disorders. As the global prevalence of fatty liver disease rises, understanding the role of sphingolipids in liver function and pathology will be critical for developing effective treatments and management strategies for chronic liver conditions.
Mouth-Dissolving Films: A Novel Approach for Oral Drug Delivery in Diabetic Management
For the administration of several pharmacologicals, the oral route is considered one of the most practical methods of drug administration, as it accommodates various dosage forms, including tablets, syrups, capsules, emulsions, and suspensions. Mouth Dissolving Drug Delivery Systems have created several fast-dissolving preparations, such as MDT and mouth dissolving film. The hydrophilic polymer makes oral thin films, an innovative dosage form designed to dissolve quickly in the buccal cavity. when it is placed in the mouth, because it is less expensive to produce, mouth dissolving film is better than mouth dissolving tablets. Oral films help overcome swallowing difficulties commonly experienced by both elderly and paediatric patients with tablets and capsules. It also has other benefits, including self-administration and rapid dissolution. This dosage form allows for rapid absorption, making it highly versatile. The current study aims to highlight various polymers, their concentrations, and their applications. Additionally, it explores the role of plasticizers, sweeteners, polymers, and different techniques used in the formulation of oral films, along with the key parameters for their evaluation.
Overview of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Epidemiology, Causes, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Importance
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is a prevalent gastrointestinal condition characterized by ulcerative lesions in the stomach, duodenum, or lower esophagus, resulting from an imbalance between aggressive factors such as gastric acid, pepsin, Helicobacter pylori infection, and NSAID use, and protective mechanisms including mucus and bicarbonate secretion. Affecting approximately 5–14% of the global population—primarily men aged 40 to 60—PUD presents with symptoms like epigastric pain and discomfort, with diagnosis often confirmed via upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The pathophysiology of PUD involves complex interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and lifestyle factors. Its chronic nature, characterized by alternating periods of flare-ups and remission, poses significant clinical and economic challenges. Advances in understanding gastric physiology and the identification of H. pylori have transformed the management and surgical approach to the disease, underscoring its continued relevance in modern gastroenterology.
Advancements in Endoscopic Techniques: Revolutionizing Patient Care and Surgical Precision
Endoscopic techniques have revolutionized diagnostic and therapeutic practices across multiple medical specialties, including orthopedics, neurology, gastroenterology, pulmonology, urology, and gynecology. Initially developed for diagnostic visualization, advancements in optics, flexible instruments, and minimally invasive approaches have expanded endoscopy’s role to complex surgical interventions. These techniques offer significant benefits such as reduced surgical trauma, improved patient outcomes, faster recovery, and lower complication rates. Endoscopy is now integral to procedures like arthroscopy, neuroendoscopy, therapeutic colonoscopy, bronchoscopic lung biopsy, ureteroscopy, and hysteroscopy. Moreover, innovations in imaging, robotics, and artificial intelligence are rapidly enhancing precision and capabilities in real-time diagnosis and treatment. The growing emphasis on training, simulation, and interdisciplinary collaboration is essential to ensure safe and effective practice. As technology continues to evolve, endoscopy is poised to become a cornerstone of future medical interventions.
Endoscopy, Minimally Invasive Surgery, Arthroscopy, Neuroendoscopy, Therapeutic Endoscopy
Sphingosomes: Advancements and Emerging Applications in Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
In a variety of different scientific fields, vesicular systems have proven to be very effective carrier systems. Sphingosomes are bilayered vesicles having a fully enclosed aqueous membrane lipid bilayer made primarily sphingolipid, natural or synthetic. The instability, in vivo circulation duration, and cancer loading efficacy in cancer therapy are important limitations of the vesicle system (liposomes, niosomes) that are addressed by sphingosomes. The information was acquired by searching for Sphingosomes in the Scopus and Google Scholar databases. In clinical contexts, Chemotherapy, biological macromolecules, and diagnostics are delivered via sphingosomes. Due to their size and content, sphingosomes can take several forms. The report suggests that sphingosomes are a potential vesicular drug delivery system that may transport pharmaceutical substances for a variety of purposes.
Sphingosomes, Drug delivery, Sphingomyelin, Vesicular system, Preparation, Applications
Navigating the Cellular Maze: Innovative Strategies for Targeted Drug Delivery in Cervical Cancer
Cervical Cancer is a major health concern around the world including those regions which are limited in healthcare resources. The intricacies of this illness necessitates new and alternate methods to help treat its complexities. Researchers are therefore exploring means of targeted drug delivery that would deliver medications right to the cancer cells, minimizing side effects elsewhere in the human body. That targeted approach can increase treatment effectiveness. There are a lot of delivery systems available such as nanoparticles, liposomes, polymeric micelles and micellar systems, hydrogels or local drug delivery devices. They address matters, such as drug resistance and ensuring the targeted site of the body receives the dose. On top of that, emerging targeting strategies involving tumor -specific ligands, immunotherapy, virotherapy, and gene therapy look promising to develop more selective and efficacious treatments at a preclinical stage. Through the heavy focus on the complicated cellular pathways implicated in cervical cancer, these new approaches will make way for increased individualized and efficacious treatments. There is a need for further research to be carried out in the area of targeted drug delivery and the evolving targeting strategy, which is apparent through the literature. It remains a central goal with continued development of these strategies, we already know that this heralds increased clinical benefit and quality of life for cervical cancer patients worldwide. The synergy of novel drug delivery techniques combined with targeted approaches hold promise in modifications towards an era when cervical cancer can be better managed or even eradicetd.
Cervical cancer, Targeted drug delivery, Nanotechnology, Personalized medicine, Immunotherapy
Berberine in Breast Cancer Management: Molecular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Applications, and Future Directions
Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. While conventional therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, hormonal, targeted, and immune therapy have improved survival rates, drug resistance and recurrence remain major challenges. Berberine (BBR), a natural isoquinoline alkaloid found in various medicinal plants, has emerged as a promising candidate in integrative oncology due to its diverse pharmacological properties. This review summarizes the anticancer potential of BBR in breast cancer, particularly its ability to inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, regulate autophagy, suppress metastasis, and modulate key signaling pathways such as AMPK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, and MAPK/ERK. Furthermore, BBR’s molecular targets—including microRNAs, p53, Ephrin-B2, and SIK3—highlight its multi-targeted mode of action. Notably, BBR demonstrates selective toxicity against cancer cells while sparing normal tissues. These findings support BBR’s potential as a complementary agent to enhance the efficacy of standard therapies and overcome drug resistance. Further clinical studies are necessary to establish its safety, optimal dosing, and therapeutic integration in breast cancer management.
Berberine, Breast Cancer, TripleNegative Breast Cancer (TNBC), AMPK Pathway, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Wnt/β-Catenin
Neuroprotective Effects of Seaweeds in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is anprogressive neurodegenerative disorder with symptoms of progressive cognitive decline, including memory loss.The rapid worldwide increase in prevalence of AD highlights a high unmet need for novel AD therapies beyond symptom management. Current pharmacologic interventions, such as cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists, provide a marginal benefit in ameliorating disease progression. Thus, we look to onboard alternative ocean-derived bioactive constituents as therapeutics.Some of the bioactive compounds present in brown algae (seaweeds), in particular, such as fucoidan, phlorotannins, and alginate, demonstrate neuroprotective action by inhibition of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in addition to the amyloid-induced plaques (the major hallmarks of AD pathology).Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory polysaccharides from green and red algae may also play a role in the preservation of cognitive functions due to their content in species. Preclinical trials in the past have shown that these compounds can be useful for neuroprotection and even disease modification.While this is promising, further research and clinical trials are needed to demonstrate the impact on AD treatment with seaweed-derived compounds. Placing a bet on the new advances of science, marine bioresources, while not neglecting the progress noticed these days in enhancing the lives of AD creatures.
Alzheimer's disease (AD), Neurodegenerative disease, Cognitive impairment, Memory impairment, Neuropsychiatric symptoms, Marine compounds, Seaweeds.
Overview of the Vital Role of Vitamin D: Functions, Deficiency Syndromes, and Impact Throughout Life
The recent study provides a comprehensive overview of vitamin D, emphasizing its biological roles, sources, and health implications. Vitamin D, a fat-soluble prohormone, is essential for bone health, immune function, mental well-being, reproductive health, and the prevention of chronic diseases. Discovered in the early 20th century due to the anti-rachitic effects of cod liver oil, vitamin D includes two main inactive precursors: vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). Vitamin D3 is endogenously synthesized in the skin through ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation (290–320 nm), while vitamin D2 originates from plants and is obtained through dietary intake. The synthesis and activation of vitamin D are influenced by factors such as UVB exposure, with excessive exposure leading to the formation of inactive metabolites like tachysterol and lumisterol. This overview underscores the critical importance of maintaining adequate vitamin D levels for optimal health outcomes.
Unravelling the Herbal Formulation of Floating Microspheres for Gut Microbiome Modulation: Current Challenges and Future Prospects
Human health is greatly influenced by the gut microbiota, and altering it has emerged as a viable treatment option for a number of illnesses. A cutting-edge medication delivery method that targets the gastrointestinal tract in a unique way and ensures localized and sustained drug release is floating microspheres. The incorporation of herbal formulations into floating microspheres for gut microbiota modification is examined in this paper, emphasizing how they may improve therapeutic efficacy while reducing systemic adverse effects. By using sophisticated methods like solvent evaporation and spray drying, together with biodegradable polymers and stabilizers, herbal bioactives—which are well-known for being compatible with gut health—can be integrated into microsphere systems. Longer stomach residence duration is made possible by the regulated buoyancy of microspheres, which guarantees the localized and continuous release of herbal components that work in concert with the gut bacteria. Notwithstanding these benefits, there are still issues, such as the stability of herbal active ingredients during processing, the need to optimize release kinetics, and regulatory obstacles related to formulations including herbal ingredients. Prospects for the future centre on advancements in biodegradable materials, the application of nanotechnology for better targeting, and customized methods for microbiota modification. These developments might help solve today's problems and turn research into useful therapeutic applications. Floating microspheres have the potential to transform gut microbiota modification techniques by bridging the gap between contemporary medication delivery technology and traditional herbal therapy.
Gut microbiome modulation, floating microspheres, herbal formulations, targeted drug delivery, sustained release, biodegradable polymers
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Nanostructured Lipid Carriers in Pulmonary Drug Delivery: Progress and Prospects
The potential of nanostructured lipid carriers to improve drug solubility, stability, and controlled release has made them a viable approach for pulmonary drug administration. Combining liquid and solid lipids, these carriers provide distinct benefits over conventional drug delivery methods, including enhanced bioavailability, less systemic adverse effects, and the capacity to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic medications. In addition to delivering biologics, macromolecules, and cancer treatments, nanostructured lipid carriers may find use in the treatment of respiratory conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary infections. Notwithstanding their benefits, there are still issues with manufacturing scaling up, getting beyond biological obstacles such mucociliary clearance, and handling safety and regulatory issues. More individualized, targeted care is becoming possible because to recent advancements in the design of nanostructured lipid carriers, such as smart delivery technologies and stimuli-responsive systems. This study emphasizes the potential of nanostructured lipid carriers to transform the treatment of respiratory disorders and enhance patient outcomes by highlighting their present advancements, difficulties, and future opportunities in pulmonary medication delivery.
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers, pulmonary drug delivery, controlled release, bioavailability, respiratory diseases, personalized medicine.
Hydrogel Nanostructures for Targeted Drug Delivery in Inflammatory Diseases: A Comprehensive Review
In the treatment of inflammatory illnesses, hydrogel nanostructures have shown themselves to be a flexible and promising substrate for targeted drug delivery. The biocompatibility, biodegradability, and controlled, localised drug release capabilities of these systems are highly regarded because they minimise systemic adverse effects and improve therapeutic efficacy. Systems based on hydrogel may be made to react to environmental cues like pH, temperature, or enzymatic activity that are frequently present in inflammatory tissues. Treatment results are improved by this responsiveness, which enables precise medication release at the location of inflammation. Targeting ligands, including peptides or antibodies, are added to improve the efficiency and specificity of medication delivery. By selectively binding to markers produced in inflammatory tissues, these ligands allow hydrogel nanostructures to improve medication accumulation at the intended region while minimising off-target effects. These developments might have a significant impact on diseases including psoriasis, inflammatory bowel illness, and rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical translation is nevertheless hampered by issues including stability, consistent biocompatibility, and manufacturing scalability, despite their potential. These restrictions should be solved by upcoming developments including combination medicines, stimuli-responsive hydrogels, and personalised medicine strategies. By providing more accurate control over medication distribution, these tactics may allow for patient-specific therapies and enhance overall results. A potential strategy for creating patient-centered, long-lasting, and efficient treatments for chronic inflammatory illnesses is the use of hydrogel nanostructures. These systems have the potential to revolutionise the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases by tackling present issues and utilising creative design techniques.
Hydrogel nanostructures, targeted drug delivery, inflammatory diseases, biocompatibility, biodegradability, controlled release
Peptide-Based Therapeutics in Fungal Infections: Challenges and Innovations
In light of the growing resistance to antifungal medications, peptide-based therapies have become a viable substitute for treating fungal infections. These peptides, derived from various natural sources or synthesized in the laboratory, exhibit unique mechanisms of action, such as membrane disruption, inhibition of fungal metabolism, and modulation of immune responses. Despite their potential, several challenges remain, including issues with stability, bioavailability, and selectivity. Advances in peptide design, including the cyclization and the addition of artificial amino acids, have improved their therapeutic properties. Additionally, novel delivery systems, such as nanoparticles and liposomes, are being explored to enhance the efficacy and targeted delivery of these peptides. This review explores the characteristics, applications, and challenges of peptide-based antifungal therapies, while also discussing recent innovations in the field. With continued research and development, peptide-based therapeutics could offer a significant contribution to the treatment of fungal infections.
Peptide-based therapeutics, antifungal, bioavailability, membrane disruption, antimicrobial peptides, drug delivery systems.
Revolutionizing Antimicrobial Therapies Through Biofilm-Targeted Nanomedicine
Revolutionizing Antimicrobial Therapies Through Biofilm-Targeted Nanomedicine. Biofilmassociated infections pose significant challenges to traditional antimicrobial therapies due to their inherent resistance mechanisms and protective extracellular matrix. Nanomedicine offers transformative solutions by providing innovative strategies to target, penetrate, and disrupt biofilms effectively. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have enabled the development of multifunctional nanocarriers, hybrid nanoparticles, and stimuli-responsive systems designed to enhance drug delivery and reduce bacterial resistance. These systems facilitate precise targeting of biofilms, leveraging mechanisms such as enzyme-mediated degradation, quorum-sensing inhibition, and environment-responsive drug release. Furthermore, personalized medicine approaches, integrating pathogen-specific diagnostics and AI-driven optimization, hold promise for tailoring treatments to individual patient needs. Despite these breakthroughs, challenges such as toxicity concerns, scalability, and regulatory hurdles remain. Overcoming these barriers through interdisciplinary collaboration and continued research is essential to translate nanomedicine from laboratory success to clinical application. This paradigm shift in antimicrobial therapy has the potential to revolutionize the treatment of biofilm-related infections, significantly reducing global healthcare burdens and improving patient outcomes.
Biofilm-targeted nanomedicine, Antimicrobial therapies, Nanocarriers, Quorum-sensing inhibition, Personalized medicine, Drug delivery systems
Hydrogel Microneedles: A Breakthrough in Disease Treatment and Drug Delivery Systems
A revolutionary development in medication administration and illness treatment, hydrogel microneedles provide a painless, effective, and less invasive substitute for conventional techniques. These Hydrogel microneedles, which are made of hydrophilic, biocompatible polymers, expand when inserted into the skin, allowing for controlled medication release and interstitial fluid extraction for diagnostic purposes. This special feature tackles the main issues with traditional administration methods, such as hypodermic needle hazards, limited bioavailability, and patient discomfort. Because of their great versatility, hydrogel microneedles can deliver a variety of treatments, including proteins, nucleic acids, small compounds, and vaccinations. They are perfect for real-time monitoring and tailored therapy since they can be integrated with drug reservoirs and biosensors. These systems improve patient compliance, decrease the frequency of administration, and increase the effectiveness of therapies for long-term illnesses including cancer and diabetes. Advances in fabrication techniques, including photolithography, micromolding, and 3D printing, have enabled the production of robust and scalable Hydrogel microneedles designs tailored to specific applications. Beyond drug delivery, hydrogel microneedles are used in immunotherapy, glucose monitoring, insulin delivery, wound healing, and cosmetic treatments, showcasing their broad applicability. Despite their potential, challenges such as high production costs, variability in performance, and regulatory hurdles need to be addressed for widespread adoption. Ongoing research aims to improve their payload capacity, stability of sensitive biomolecules, and integration with wearable devices. Hydrogel microneedles hold immense promise for the future, combining therapeutic and diagnostic functionalities for theranostic applications. As material science and manufacturing technologies advance, hydrogel microneedles are poised to revolutionize healthcare by providing pain-free, efficient, and sustainable solutions for drug delivery and disease management.
Hydrogel microneedles, Drug delivery, Disease management, Biocompatible polymers, Personalized medicine, Theranostic applications
Nanotechnology for Diabetes Management: Transforming Anti-diabetic Drug Delivery Systems
To prevent major complications, people with chronic diabetes mellitus, a metabolic condition characterised by increased blood sugar, require continuous care. Although current pharmacological treatments, such as insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents, are effective, they are often limited by poor bioavailability, short half-life, and systemic side effects. Drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology provide encouraging answers to these problems, allowing for the targeted, precise, and regulated administration of anti-diabetic medications. In order to improve therapeutic efficacy, decrease the frequency of administration, and increase drug bioavailability, nanoparticles, liposomes, nanogels, and microneedles are becoming important technologies. For example, liposomes increase the solubility and durability of hydrophobic medications, whereas nanoparticles can shield medications from deterioration and enable continuous release. In response to hyperglycemia, nanogels that are engineered to react to particular stimuli, such as pH or glucose levels, allow regulated medication release that mimics the body's normal production of insulin. Insulin and other anti-diabetic medications can be delivered painlessly via microneedles, a minimally invasive substitute for conventional injections. Notwithstanding these developments, issues with scalability, cost, regulatory approval, and long-term safety still affect the clinical translation of these technologies. This study looks at the state of diabetic medication delivery systems based on nanotechnology, emphasising how they have the potential to transform treatment approaches and enhance patient outcomes. Future research should focus on overcoming these barriers, conducting clinical trials, and exploring new nanomaterials to maximize the therapeutic potential of these systems.
Diabetes management, nanotechnology, drug delivery systems, nanoparticles, microneedles, liposomes
Nanomedicine Approaches to Overcome Barriers in Pulmonary Drug Delivery for Respiratory Diseases
Delivering drugs through the lungs is a promising method for treating respiratory conditions, offering quick absorption into the bloodstream and targeted therapeutic effects due to the lungs’ distinct structure. However, obstacles like mucociliary clearance, activity of alveolar macrophages, and variations among patients can limit the success of traditional treatments. Nanomedicine has become a cutting-edge solution to these challenges, using diverse nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and hybrid systems to improve drug stability, availability, and precision in delivery. These systems enable controlled release, enhanced solubility, and reduced side effects on the rest of the body. Moreover, multifunctional nanocarriers combine diagnostic and therapeutic roles, paving the way for personalized treatments for diseases like asthma, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, and lung infections. Despite its potential, issues like large-scale production, regulatory hurdles, and ensuring compatibility with the body remain challenges. This review explores how nanomedicine addresses barriers in lung drug delivery, highlights its role in treating respiratory diseases, and looks at opportunities for clinical advancement.
Nanomedicine, Pulmonary Drug Delivery, Respiratory Diseases, Nanocarriers, Targeted Therapy, Mucociliary Clearance
Microsponge Drug Delivery Systems: Advancing Methotrexate Delivery for Rheumatoid Arthritis Management
An estimated 23 million individuals worldwide suffer with rheumatoid arthritis, a debilitating inflammatory illness with a prevalence incidence of 0.5–1%. This chronic illness mostly affects synovial joints, causing inflammation, joint degeneration, and bone erosion. Patients suffer from a very low quality of life, and the condition has a significant socioeconomic impact. The pathophysiology of RA is caused by a complicated interaction between genetic and environmental variables that disrupt the control of the immune system. TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β are important inflammatory mediators that cause bone resorption and joint degeneration as the illness progresses. Microsponge drug delivery systems have been developed as a promising strategy to improve the therapeutic efficacy of methotrexate, which is a cornerstone in RA treatment. These systems offer controlled release, improved bioavailability, and targeted delivery to inflamed joints while minimizing systemic toxicity. Microsponge drug delivery systems can be formulated as topical gels, creams, patches, or injectable hydrogels, which allows for a variety of administration routes. Microsponge drug delivery systems are known for offering benefits of delivering methotrexate drugs by sustaining its release, providing reduced dosing, stability in the drug itself, and causing less side effect. Some challenges of microsponge drug delivery systems include a complicated manufacturing process, scalability issues, and regulatory problems that hamper its application in the clinic. In order to prove the safety and effectiveness of microsponge drug delivery systems, future research will concentrate on refining their composition, developing scalable production methods, and conducting extensive clinical studies. Innovation will keep developing, and by enhancing patient adherence, therapeutic results, and the quality of life for patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, microsponge drug delivery systems have the potential to completely transform the way this chronic illness is treated.
Rheumatoid arthritis, Methotrexate, Microsponge drug delivery system, Controlled drug release, Targeted drug delivery, Inflammatory mediators
Emerging Strategies for Targeted Drug Delivery across the Blood–Brain Barrier in Neurological Disorder
The Blood–Brain Barrier is an obstacle in the treatment of neurological disorders since it selectively only allows some substances to pass through. Its poor permeability greatly limits access of certain therapeutic agents in the brain. In order to successfully treat glioblastoma, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and other illnesses of the central nervous system, it will be crucial to overcome the Blood Brain Barrier. Recent developments in targeted drug delivery systems have presented promising potential for this challenge. Emerging strategies include nanotechnology-based systems, receptor-mediated transport, cell-penetrating peptides, focused ultrasound, and advanced carrier designs. Nanotechnology-based systems, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and SLNs, offer controlled drug release and improved bioavailability, while surface modifications enhance Blood–Brain Barrier penetration through receptor-specific targeting. By conjugating medications to ligands that attach to certain receptors on Blood–Brain Barrier endothelial cells, receptor-mediated transport strategies facilitate active transport across the barrier. Cell-penetrating peptides are short peptides that have been utilised to deliver a variety of medicinal substances because they can pass through cell membranes. When combined with microbubbles, focused ultrasounds can momentarily breach the Blood Brain Barrier, enabling tailored medication administration without the need for invasive procedures. In addition, sophisticated carrier designs like dendrimers and mesoporous silica nanoparticles enhance drug stability and provide prolonged release. These strategies have great promise in improving drug delivery into the brain, treatment efficacy, and minimizing side effects.
Blood–Brain Barrier, Targeted drug delivery, Neurological disorders, Nanotechnology-based systems, Receptor-mediated transport, Focused ultrasound