3D-PRINTED MICRONEEDLE-BASED LOCALIZED ANTI-PD-L1 IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR BREAST CANCER

Abstract

Breast cancer especially triple-negative breast cancer is a significant clinical issue because of its aggressive nature, a lack of targeted therapy, high recurrence and metas rates. The use of immune checkpoint blockade with the programs of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has proven to be a promising approach; nonetheless, systemic delivery has been linked with low response rates and immunologic adverse events. Local immunotherapy has thus received growing popularity as a tool to increase therapeutic efficacy at reduced systemic toxicity. This review will center on the recent use of 3D-printed platforms based on microneedles used on localized anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy in breast cancer. Microneedles provide an opportunity to deliver biologics into immunologically active skin strata with high concentrations of antigen-presenting cells and lymphatic networks in the least invasive way through the skin, which facilitates effective immune modulation. The development of new 3D printing technologies, such as stereolithography, digital light processing, and two-photon polymerization, has allowed a narrow control of the microneedle geometry, mechanical strength, and capacity to load drugs. These functions support long-term and localized rollout of immunological checkpoint restraints, enhance tumor reorganization, and raise the cytotoxic T-cell activities with lowered systemic exposure. The review is a critical treatise of the biological rationale, design, fabrication, immunological consequences and translational issues involved with 3D-printed 3D-microneedle-mediated anti-PD-L1 delivery. This article summarizes existing preclinical data and technological advances and identifies the promise of localized microneedle-based immunotherapy to address major shortcomings of traditional systemic therapies and to enable the development of more specific immuno-oncology of breast cancer.