Clinical Aspects, Epidemiology, and Management of Hepatitis Viruses: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Hepatitis viruses, including types A, B, C, D, and E, present significant global health challenges, with varying prevalence and clinical manifestations depending on geographical regions. These infections are associated with liver diseases, ranging from mild acute conditions to chronic complications like cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B and C are particularly concerning due to their potential for long-term chronic infections that may result in severe liver damage. The pathogenesis of hepatitis viruses involves complex interactions between viral factors and the host’s immune system, leading to liver injury. While vaccines are available for hepatitis A and B, and antiviral treatments have made progress, challenges remain in managing these infections globally, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This review discusses the epidemiology, clinical outcomes, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for hepatitis viruses, highlighting the need for improved public health strategies, early diagnosis, and effective antiviral therapies to mitigate the global burden of hepatitis infections.