Nanostructured hard materials for sensing and detection: Material for gas sensor, biosensor and chemical sensor

Abstract

Nanostructured hard materials (NSMs) have gained prominence in technological advancements due to their flexible physical, chemical and biological properties with enhanced performance over their bulk counterparts. NSMs are categorized depending on their size, composition, shape, and origin. The ability to predict the unique properties of NSMs increases the value of each classification. The aim of this chapter is to comprehensively examines the utilization of nanostructured hard materials in sensing and detection applications, specifically focusing on gas sensors, biosensors, and chemical sensors. Studying into the fundamental aspects, the paper explores the principles, basics and mechanisms of gas sensor, biosensor, and the chemical sensor. It provides a detailed overview of various types of gas sensors, emphasizing the important role played by nanostructures in enhancing sensing capabilities. Additionally, the integration of nanostructured hard materials in biosensors is discussed, with a spotlight on biomedical applications. The chapter also addresses their application in chemical sensors, highlighting the mechanisms involved and exploring emerging trends. The synthesis methods, characterization techniques, challenges, and opportunities associated with the fabrication of nanostructured materials are precisely examined. Through case studies, real-world applications are showcased, underscoring the successes and innovations achieved. This chapter concludes by summarizing the important role of nanostructured hard materials in sensing and detection, offering insights into future developments within the field.